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Pilgeram, Ryanne, and Bryan Amos. 2015. Beyond “inherit it or marry it”: Exploring how women engaged in sustainable agriculture access farmland. Rural Sociology 80 (1): 16–38. Design and implement gendersensitive programmes to help enhance economic empowerment of women cocoa farmers Glencross’s path to farming was circuitous. She studied chemical engineering, but while her classmates were heading off for jobs at ExxonMobil and Procter & Gamble, she was more of “a hippy at heart”. She decided she wanted to learn more about soil and its role in food production. This led her to Blue Hill Stone Barns, Dan Barber’s pioneering farm-to-table restaurant in the Hudson Valley, north of New York. She spent four months working on the farm and in the bakery, receiving a crash course in ancient grains – an obsession of Barber’s. But the moment Glencross knew she herself wanted to farm came in 2016 in a field in Hertfordshire. She was with John Cherry, who was showing her around Weston Park Farms, 2,500 acres of land he maintains with minimal fertiliser use and zero tillage. Evan Wiig, director of membership and communications at the Community Alliance with Family Farmers (Caff) in California, said that he, too, has witnessed women farmers in California leading the charge through some of the state’s worst crises, whether it’s recovering from a fire or sharing tips about smart water practices and irrigation efficiency. LouisaCoxconcludes: With only ten years left, the ambitious goals and targets to end poverty, support small-scale farmers and decent work for all enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals will not be met unless urgent action is taken to support these invisible women. It’s high time we stood side by side with these invisible women and call time on the gender pay gap in chocolate.”

The imbalance in access to property has partly to do with India’s inheritance laws. Hindu, Jain, Sikh and Buddhist women in India were given equal inheritance rights to ancestral property in 2005 – legally, if not always in practice. Women of other faiths have separate personal laws governing property rights in India. This report clearly indicates two scenarios. One scenario is full of risk. Women farmers are quite literally ‘risking everything’ as they face the disproportionate impacts of climate change. Increasingly unpredictable incomes are causing stress within families and putting women at risk of gender- based violence. Women’s health is at risk due to working in extreme temperatures and due to malnutrition from unpredictable food supplies. Ever greater amounts of time are being spent on unpaid care and domestic tasks as women walk further to collect depleted forests and water supplies. All these factors also limit the time and money women have available to adopt climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. A negative reinforcing cycle of risk reduces women’s incomes, stalls empowerment and decreases soil health and yields. This scenario also puts supply chains at risk and decreases the chances of effective decarbonisation plans.Women are disproportionately negatively affected by climate change due to intersections between gender, power dynamics, socio-economic structures, and societal norms and expectations. [footnote 5] [footnote 6] As the research in this report shows, women in agricultural supply chains face a number of challenges including a gender gap in access to and control of economic assets including land, tools, credit, and digital technologies. [footnote 7] [footnote 8] These gaps exist in large part due to prevailing social norms that determine women’s role in society. Under the new laws, problems among the farmers and traders or agribusiness firms would be settled by a new agricultural board, not the local courts as is done now. participation in Village Savings and Loans groups to increase access to funds for farm inputs and learn business skills http://www.mars.com/news-and-stories/articles/so-what-exactly-are-scope-3-greenhouse-gas-emissions ↩

Leather boots – Our favourite farming footwear for women is our Tullymore leather boots. They are a classic design, so you never have to worry about them going out of style and they are made to be as durable as possible. Regular maintenance is important to keep them at their best for longer so clean and waterproof them on a fortnightly basis if you’ll be wearing them daily. Women’s limited title to land property and inheritance can mean less access to finance and decision-making on land utilisation. [footnote 48] Over 60% of women in Kenya are involved in primary agriculture production, yet own less than 20% of arable lands. [footnote 49] [footnote 50] Across study areas in Kenya, it was reported that is easier for men to get loans from banks and financial cooperatives known as SACCOs [footnote 51] because they have resources they can use as collateral such as house, land, and cows. [footnote 52] In the cases where women do have access to and ownership over land, there is evidence that they are more able to secure loans and get access to credit. [footnote 53] However, it remains true that only a small proportion of women own and even fewer have control over land. For example, the Kenya study reported that the Kenya Tea Development Agency demand that only land title deed owners can register to deliver tea to their factories and hence get paid. [footnote 54] A 2019 study showed that only 7% of women legally own land in Kenya demonstrating the difficulty for women to get access to income. [footnote 55]

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/ac8fca18-6586-48cc-bfba-832b41d6af68/IFC%2BInvest%2Bin%2BWomen%2BOctober%2B2017.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=lYLVAcA) ↩ http://www.toiletboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2018-TBC_2018AgricultureReport_032419_FINAL.pdf ↩ It is not, as yet, uncommon for there to be little or no assessment of the human impacts of Net-Zero goals that include Scope 3 emissions. [footnote 14] What might happen to women workers, for example, if a company decides to reduce transportation emissions through ‘near shoring’, or being geographically closer to the end user? More companies and investors are asking the right questions and expecting to see action on gender and climate change. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/980198/Guidance3-Women–Net-Zero-Economy-Briefing1.pdf ↩